Welcome to the website of the course

Deep ocean circulation

(as part of PROPER Course 3, Paleoclimate I: Integrating modern processes, data evaluation and models,
1-6 April 2005, Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton)


Program:

Deep ocean circulation - introduction
Deep ocean circulation - modeling
Deep ocean circulation - paleoclimatic applications


Links:
Suggested reading:

Selected references:

The following list of references is a personal selection and by no means complete; it is merely a suggestion for self-study.

    Baumgartner and Reichel (1975).
    Die Weltwasserbilanz. Niederschlag, Verdunstung und Abfluß über Land und Meer sowie auf der Erde im Jahresdurchschnitt.
    München, Wien: R. Oldenbourg.

    Brickman, D., W. Hyde, and D. G. Wright (1999).
    Filtering of Milankovitch cycles by the thermohaline circulation.
    Journal of Climate 12, 1644-1658. PDF

    Broecker, W. S. (1991).
    The great ocean conveyor.
    Oceanography 4, 79-89.

    Broecker, W. S. (1999).
    A possible 20th-century slowdown of southern ocean deep water formation.
    Science 286, 1132-1135.

    Bush, A. B. G. and S. G. H. Philander (1998).
    The role of ocean-atmosphere interactions in tropical cooling during the last glacial maximum.
    Science 279, 1341-1344.

    Egbert, G. D. and R. Ray (2000).
    Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean from satellite altimeter data.
    Nature 405, 775-778.

    Emery, W. J. and J. Meincke (1986).
    Global water masses: summary and review.
    Oceanologica Acta 9, 383-391.

    Gnanadesikan, A. (1999).
    A simple predictive model for the structure of the oceanic pycnocline.
    Science 283, 2077-2079. PDF

    Goodman, P. J. (1998).
    The role of North Atlantic Deep Water formation in an OGCM's ventilation and thermohaline circulation.
    Journal of Physical Oceanography 28, 1759-1785. PDF

    Goodman, P. J. (2001).
    Thermohaline adjustment and advection in an OGCM.
    Journal of Physical Oceanography 31, 1477-1497. PDF

    Gordon, A. (1986).
    Interocean exchange of thermohaline water.
    Journal of Geophysical Research 91, 5037-5046.

    Gordon, A. L. (1996).
    Communication between oceans.
    Nature 382, 399-400.

    Gordon, A. L. (2003).
    The brawniest retroflection.
    Nature 421, 904-905. PDF

    Hansen, B., S. Osterhus, D. Quadfasel, and W. Turell (2004).
    Already the day after tomorrow?
    Science 305, 953-954.

    Hewitt, C. D., A. J. Broccoli, J. F. B. Mitchell, and R. J. Stouffer (2001).
    A coupled model study of the last glacial maximum: Was part of the north atlantic relatively warm?
    Geophysical Research Letters 28, 1571-1574. PDF

    Huang, R. X. (1999).
    Mixing and energetics of the oceanic thermohaline circulation.
    Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, 727-746.

    Kamenkovich, I., J. Marotzke, and P. H. Stone (2000).
    Factors affecting heat transport in an ocean general circulation model.
    Journal of Physical Oceanography 30, 175-194.

    Kamenkovich, I. V. and P. J. Goodman (2000).
    The dependence of AABW transport in the Atlantic on vertical diffusivity.
    Geophysical Research Letters 27, 3739-3742. PDF

    Kawase, M. (1987).
    Establishment of deep ocean circulation driven by deep-water production.
    Journal of Physical Oceanography 17, 2294-2317.

    Kim, S.-J., G. M. Flato, and G. J. Boer (2003).
    A coupled climate model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum. Part 2: approach to equilibrium.
    Climate Dynamics 20, 635-661. PDF

    Kitoh, A., S. Murakami, and H. Koide (2001).
    A simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum with a coupled atmosphere-ocean gcm.
    Geophysical Research Letters 28, 2221-2224. PDF

    Knorr, G. and G. Lohmann (2003).
    Southern Ocean origin for the resumption of Atlantic thermohaline circulation during deglaciation.
    Nature 424, 532-536. PDF

    Knutti, R., J. Flückiger, T. F. Stocker, and T. Timmermann (2004).
    Strong hemispheric coupling of glacial climate through freshwater discharge and ocean circulation.
    Nature 430, 851-856. PDF

    Lohmann, G. (2003).
    Atmospheric and oceanic freshwater transport during weak atlantic overturning circulation.
    Tellus 55A, 438-449.

    Marotzke, J. (2000).
    Abrupt climate change and thermohaline circulation: Mechanisms and predictibility.
    PNAS 97, 1347-1350. PDF

    Mix, A. C. (2003).
    Chilled out in the ice-age Atlantic.
    Nature 425, 32-33. PDF

    Munk, W. and C. Wunsch (1998).
    Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing.
    Deep-Sea Research I 45, 1977-2010.

    Paul, A. and C. Schäfer-Neth (2003).
    Modeling the water masses of the Atlantic Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum.
    Paleoceanography 18, doi:10.1029/2002PA000783. PDF

    Paul, A. and C. Schäfer-Neth (2004).
    The Atlantic Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum: 2. Reconstructing the current systems with a global ocean model.
    In G. Wefer, S. Mulitza, and V. Ratmeyer (Eds.), The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current     Systems, pp. 549-583. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. PDF

    Paul, A. and C. Schäfer-Neth (2005).
    How to combine sparse proxy data and coupled climate models.
    Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 1095-1107, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.05.010. PDF

    Prange, M., G. Lohmann, and A. Paul (2003).
    Influence of vertical mixing on the thermohaline hysteresis: Analyses of an OGCM.
    Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, 1707-1721. PDF

    Prange, M., G. Lohmann, V. Romanova, and M. Butzin (2004).
    Modelling temp-spatial signatures of Heinrich Events: influence of the climatic background state.
    Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 521-527. PDF

    Rahmstorf, S. (1996).
    On the freshwater forcing and transport of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.
    Climate Dynamics 12, 799-811. PDF

    Rahmstorf, S. (2002).
    Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years.
    Nature 419, 207-214.

    Rohling, E. J., R. March, C. Wells, Neil, M. Siddall, and N. R. Edwards (2004).
    Similar meltwater contributions to glacial sea level changes from Antarctic and northern ice sheets.
    Nature 430, 1016-1021. PDF1 PDF2

    Rühlemann, C., S. Mulitza, G. Lohmann, A. Paul, M. Prange, and G. Wefer (2004).
    Intermediate depth warming in the tropical Atlantic related to weakened thermohaline circulation: Combining paleoclimate data and modeling  results for the last deglaciation.
    Paleoceanography 19, PA1025, doi:10.1029/2003PA000948. PDF

    Schäfer-Neth, C. and A. Paul (2001).
    Circulation of the glacial Atlantic: A synthesis of global and regional modeling.
    In P. Schäfer, W. Ritzrau, M. Schlüter, and J. Thiede (Eds.), The northern North Atlantic: A changing environment, pp. 441-462. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. PDF

    Schäfer-Neth, C. and A. Paul (2004).
    The Atlantic Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum: 1. Objective mapping of the GLAMAP sea-surface conditions.
    In G. Wefer, S. Mulitza, and V. Ratmeyer (Eds.), The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems, pp. 531-548. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. PDF

    Schäfer-Neth, C., A. Paul, and S. Mulitza (2005).
    Perspectives on mapping the MARGO reconstructions by variogram analysis/kriging and objective analysis.
    Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 1083-1093, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.017. PDF

    Schmitt, R. W., P. S. Bogden, and C. S. Dorman (1989).
    Evaporation minus precipitation and density fluxes in for the North Atlantic.
    Journal of Physical Oceanography 19, 1208-1221.

    Schmittner, A., K. J. Meissner, M. Eby, and A. J. Weaver (2002).
    Forcing of the deep ocean circulation in simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum.
    Paleoceanography 17, 26-35.

    Schulz, M. and A. Paul (2004).
    Sensitivity of the ocean-atmosphere carbon cycle to ice-covered and ice-free conditions in the Nordic Seas during the Last Glacial Maximum.
    Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 207, 127-141. PDF

    Shin, S.-I., Z. Liu, B. Otto-Bliesner, E. C. Brady, J. E. Kutzbach, and S. P. Harrison (2003).
    A simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum Climate using the NCAR-CCSM.
    Climate Dynamics 20, 127-151. PDF

    Sima, A., A. Paul, and M. Schulz (2004).
    The Younger Dryas - an intrinsic feature of late Pleistocene climate change at millennial timescales.
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 222, 741-750. PDF

    Sloyan, B. M. and S. R. Rintoul (2001).
    The Southern Ocean limb of the global deep overturning circulation.
    Journal of Physical Oceanography 30, 143-173.

    Stigebrand, A. (1981).
    A model for the thickness and salinity of the upper layer in the Arctic Ocean and the relationship between ice thickness and some external parameters.
    Journal of Physical Oceanography 11, 1407-1422. PDF

    Stigebrand, A. (1985).
    On the hydrographic and ice conditions in the northern North Atlantic during different phases of a glaciation cycle.
    Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 50, 303-321.

    Stocker, T. F. (2000).
    South dials north.
    Nature 424, 496-499. PDF

    Stocker, T. F., D. G. Wright, and L. A. Mysak (1992).
    A zonally averaged, coupled ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies.
    Journal of Climate 5, 773-797.

    Stommel, H. (1960a).
    On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean. I. Stationary planetary flow pattern on a sphere.
    Deep Sea Research 6, 140-154.

    Stommel, H. (1960b).
    On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean. II. An idealized model of the circulation pattern and amplitude in ocean basins.
    Deep Sea Research 6, 217-233.

    Toggweiler, J. R. and B. Samuels (1995a).
    Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation.
    Deep-Sea Research 42, 477-500.

    Toggweiler, J. R. and B. Samuels (1995b).
    Effect of sea ice on the salinity of Antarctic bottom waters.
    Journal of Physical Oceanography 25, 1980-1997.

    Vellinga, M. and R. A. Wood (2004).
    Timely detection of anthropogenic change in the atlantic meridional overturning circulation.
    Geophysical Research Letters.
    Submitted.

    Walin, G. (1985).
    The thermohaline circulation and the control of ice ages.
    Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 50, 323-332.

    Wang, X., P. H. Stone, and J. Marotzke (1999a).
    Global thermohaline circulation. Part I: Sensitivity to atmospheric moisture transport.
    Journal of Climate 12, 71-82.

    Wang, X., P. H. Stone, and J. Marotzke (1999b).
    Global thermohaline circulation. Part II: Sensitivity with interactive atmospheric transports.
    Journal of Climate 12, 83-91.

    Wijffels, S. E. (1992).
    Transport of fresh water by the oceans.
    Journal of Physical Oceanography 22, 155-162. PDF

    Wijffels, S. E. (2001).
    Ocean transport of fresh water.
    In G. Siedler, J. Church, and J. Gould (Eds.), Ocean Circulation and Climate. Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean, Volume 77 of  International Geophysics Series, pp. 475-488. San Diego: Academic Press.

    Wunsch, C. (2003).
    Determining paleoceanographic circulations, with emphasis on the Last Glacial Maximum.
    Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 371-385. PDF

    Zaucker, F. and W. S. Broecker (1992).
    The influence of atmospheric moisture transport on the fresh water balance of the Atlantic drainage basin: General circulation model simulations and observations.
    Journal of Geophysical Research 97, 2765.

    Zickfeld, K., T. Slawig, and S. Rahmstorf (2004).
    A low-order model for the response of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation to climate change.
    Ocean Dynamics 54, 8-26. PDF